Introduction of Adjective:
Adjectives are words that modify or describe nouns and pronouns. They add more detail to a sentence by providing information about size, color, shape, quantity, and other characteristics of the subject. Adjectives can be used to make a sentence more specific, vivid, and interesting.
Some examples of adjectives:
- Beautiful sunset
- Huge elephant
- Delicious pizza
- Smart student
- Comfortable chair
Kinds of Adjective
- Descriptive Adjectives: These describe the characteristics of a noun or pronoun. Examples: red, soft, tall, old, happy.
- Quantitative Adjectives: These indicate the quantity or amount of a noun or pronoun. Examples: few, many, several, all, some.
- Demonstrative Adjectives: These point out or indicate the noun or pronoun. Examples: this, that, these, those.
- Possessive Adjectives: These show ownership or possession of a noun or pronoun. Examples: my, your, his, her, its.
- Interrogative Adjectives: These are used in questions to ask about the noun or pronoun. Examples: which, what, whose.
Position usage of Adjectives
Adjectives can be used before or after a noun, depending on their function in a sentence. When used before a noun, they are called attributive adjectives. When used after a linking verb, they are called predicate adjectives. Examples:
- Attributive Adjectives: The big house, a cute puppy, an expensive car.
- Predicate Adjectives: The house is big, the puppy looks cute, the car seems expensive.
Comparison of Adjectives (Degrees of Adjectives)
Adjectives can be compared to show the degree of difference between two or more things. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. Examples:
- Positive: The pizza is good.
- Comparative: The pizza is better than the burger.
- Superlative: The pizza is the best food on the menu.
How to form Comparative and Superlative Degrees?
To form the comparative degree, add -er to short adjectives or use “more” before long adjectives. To form the superlative degree, add -est to short adjectives or use “most” before long adjectives. Examples:
- Positive: happy
- Comparative: happier
- Superlative: happiest
- Positive: interesting
- Comparative: more interesting
- Superlative: most interesting
Adjectives with Irregular Degrees
Here’s a table of some adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative degrees:
| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| far | farther | farthest |
| little | less | least |
| many | more | most |
Conclusion:
Adjectives are an important part of speech that add color and detail to our language. By understanding the different types of adjectives and how to use them correctly, you can improve your writing and communication skills.
Use of Some Important Adjectives
All and Whole:
In English, “all” refers to the entire group or everything of something, while “whole” refers to a complete unit or object. Example:
- All the students in the class passed the exam. (English)
- Tamam talba ne imtehan mein kamyabi haasil ki. (Urdu)
- He ate the whole cake by himself. (English)
- Usne khud hi poori cake kha li. (Urdu)
Many and Much:
In English, “many” is used for countable nouns, while “much” is used for uncountable nouns. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “bahut se” and “bahut zyada” respectively. Example:
- Many people attended the party. (English)
- Bahut se log party mein shamil hue. (Urdu)
- There is not much water in the glass. (English)
- Glass mein bahut zyada paani nahi hai. (Urdu)
Any and Some:
In English, “any” is used in negative or interrogative sentences, while “some” is used in positive sentences. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “koi” and “kuch” respectively. Example:
- I don’t have any money left. (English)
- Mere paas koi paisa nahi hai. (Urdu)
- Can you give me some water, please? (English)
- Kya aap mujhe kuch paani de sakte hain? (Urdu)
Fewer and Less:
In English, “fewer” is used for countable nouns, while “less” is used for uncountable nouns. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “kam” and “kum” respectively. Example:
- There were fewer people in the room than I expected. (English)
- Mere umeed ke mutabik kam logon ne kamre mein dakhla diya. (Urdu)
- She eats less sugar than before. (English)
- Wo pehle se kum cheeni khati hai. (Urdu)
Later and Latter:
In English, “later” refers to a time in the future, while “latter” refers to the second of two things mentioned. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “bad mein” and “doosra” respectively. Example:
- I will finish my work later. (English)
- Main apna kaam bad mein poora karunga. (Urdu)
- She prefers the latter option. (English)
- Usko doosra pasand hai. (Urdu)
Farther and Further:
In English, “farther” refers to physical distance, while “further” refers to a figurative distance or extent. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “dor” and “aur zyada” respectively. Example:
- The store is farther than I thought. (English)
- Dukaan mere khayaal se dor hai. (Urdu)
- We need to discuss this further. (English)
- Hum is baare mein aur zyada baat karna chahte hain. (Urdu)
Elder and Older:
In English, “elder” refers to a family member who is older than you, while “older” is used for anyone else who is older. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “barha” and “zaeef” respectively. Example:
- My elder brother is 3 years older than me. (English)
- Mera bara bhai mujh se 3 saal zyada bara hai. (Urdu)
- The older students helped the younger ones with their homework. (English)
- Zaeef talba apne homework ke saath chote talbaon ki madad ki. (Urdu)
Latest and Last:
In English, “latest” refers to the most recent thing, while “last” refers to the final thing in a sequence. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “taaza” and “akhir” respectively. Example:
- Have you seen the latest episode of your favorite show? (English)
- Kya aapne apne pasandeeda show ka taaza episode dekha hai? (Urdu)
- The last page of the book has the conclusion. (English)
- Kitab ki aakhri safha mein nateeja hai. (Urdu)
Nearest and Next:
In English, “nearest” refers to the closest thing in proximity, while “next” refers to the one that comes after the current thing. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “nazdeek” and “agla” respectively. Example:
- The nearest gas station is two blocks away. (English)
- Nazdeek tareen gas station do block door hai. (Urdu)
- What is the next step in the process? (English)
- Process mein agla qadam kya hai? (Urdu)
A little, little, and the little:
In English, “a little” means a small amount, “little” means almost none, and “the little” means a specific small amount. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “thori si”, “bohot kam”, and “wo thora sa” respectively. Example:
- Can I have a little bit of milk in my coffee? (English)
- Kya main apne coffee mein thori si doodh daal sakta hoon? (Urdu)
- There is little hope that it will rain today. (English)
- Aaj barish hone ki bohot kam ummeed hai. (Urdu)
- He was grateful for the little help he received. (English)
- Usko us thore se madad ke liye shukar hai. (Urdu)
A few, Few, and The Few:
In English, “a few” means a small number of things, “few” means almost none, and “the few” means a specific small number of things. In Urdu, the equivalent words are “kuch”, “kam”, and “wo kuch” respectively. Example:
- I have a few books on my shelf. (English)
- Mere shelf par kuch kitabein hai. (Urdu)
- There are few people in the park today. (English)
- Aaj park mein kam log hai. (Urdu)
- The few flowers in the garden are very beautiful. (English)
- Bagh mein wo kuch phool bohot khubsurat hai. (Urdu)
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